Biomechanical Indicators of the technique of performing a push-off in a long jump by sportsmen of different qualification

Abstract

The article presents modern data on the technique of long jump. The biomechanical indicators that characterise the technique of long jumpers of different qualifications and determine the effectiveness of competitive activity are described. The technology of assessment and control over the technical fitness of athletes is presented. Improving technical skills is associated with achieving the necessary specific kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the athlete's body movements. Despite the considerable practical experience and numerous works devoted to the problems of technical training of highly skilled long jumpers, in the process of improvement of the technique of long jump from a run-up, due to the absence of individual biomechanical indicators of the technique of pushing, uncertainty remains in the choice of an individually optimal variant of the performance of movements and selection of means of improvement of technical skill. The purpose of the research: improvement of technical fitness of qualified long jumpers from a run-up on the basis of consideration of individual biomechanical indicators of the technique of performance of pushing off, which determine the efficiency of competitive activity and influence the achievement of sports results. Methods: To achieve the goal and solve the set tasks we used the following methods: theoretical: analysis of special scientific and methodical literature and Internet data; instrumental: for quantitative and qualitative biomechanical analysis of the technique of long jump from a run-up we conducted a formative experiment by means of video recording with the subsequent analysis of movements on a video computer analyzer, as well as the OptoJump system.  Qualified athletes (n=18) took part in it; methods of statistical data processing: descriptive statistics, parametric criteria, non-parametric criteria, correlation analysis. Results: as a result of the correlation analysis, it was found that in order to achieve high sports results in the long jump from a running start, out of 45 biomechanical characteristics of the technique, it is necessary to take into account the following most important indicators: speed of departure of the general centre of mass of the body (GCMB), m·s^-1; horizontal and vertical components of the speed of run-up, m·s^-1; angle of departure of GCMB, degree; minimum angle of bending of the knee joint of the supporting leg in the push-off phase, degree; angle of push-off, degree; length of the last three steps of the run-up, m; position of the GCMB of the sportsman during push-off, m; duration of the push-off phase, s. Conclusions: the improvement of sports and technical skills of sportsmen is accompanied by the change of individual characteristics of elements of the system of movements during pushing, which is its most essential feature. With the growth of sportsmen's qualification in indicators characterising the technique of performance of long jumpers' push-off and having the greatest influence on the sports result, significant changes occur.