Assessment of human musculoskeletal system biomechanics: а comprehensive review of modern methods and diagnostic tools

Abstract

Abstract: The biomechanical structure of the human body is formed during ontogenesis, taking into account fundamental physical principles. Specifically, body mass and its main biomechanical links are positioned longitudinally, parallel to the gravity vector, at a minimal distance from the center of mass. This symmetry of the motor system is crucial for effective management of gravitational interactions, which ensures stability and efficiency of movement. As a dynamic biological system, the human body constantly adapts to changes in time and space, which is reflected in the variability of its biomechanical characteristics. The study of the biomechanics of the body’s spatial organization holds significant applied value, serving as a conceptual basis for developing scientifically grounded correctional and preventive programs. At the same time, the issue of biomechanical diagnostics remains relevant for detecting and preventing negative changes in the musculoskeletal system caused by occupational factors. This highlights the need for further interdisciplinary research at the intersection of biomechanics, ergonomics, and physical therapy to develop effective strategies for public health preservation.Objective. The aim of the study is to systematize data obtained by researchers regarding the use of modern methods and diagnostic tools for assessing the biomechanics of the human musculoskeletal system. Methods. Analysis, synthesis, and generalization; systematization and classification; comparison and analogy; historical and logical methods; abstraction and idealization.Results.The rapid development of information technologies, electronics, radio engineering, and related fields has been a catalyst for the emergence of new diagnostic and rehabilitation systems. The use of robotic and computerized complexes, as well as microprocessor and electromechanical devices, significantly increases the efficiency and accuracy of diagnostics of the human musculoskeletal system. These technologies allow for a deep analysis of functional status, which was previously impossible. Scientific literature describes methods for assessing the biomechanics of the human musculoskeletal system, such as goniometry, photogrammetry, and radiography. Photogrammetry is the most common and safest method because, unlike radiography, it is not associated with the risk of radiation exposure. The use of specialized software allows for the quantitative measurement of linear distances and angles on digital photographs, making this method an effective tool for assessing postural parameters. Conclusions. Despite these achievements, the issue of determining changes in the biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system under the influence of occupational factors remains relevant and not fully resolved. This underscores the need for further research to develop scientifically grounded preventive programs aimed at preventing fixed musculoskeletal disorders. Keywords: health, assessment, biomechanics, musculoskeletal system, diagnostic tools, goniometry, photogrammetry.