Comparative analysis of the technical and biomechanical foundations of swimming and athletics

Abstract

The analysis of technical and biomechanical aspects of motor actions in athletics and swimming is presented. A comparison of key characteristics influencing the effectiveness of motor actions, including environmental factors, biomechanics of muscle groups, and energy expenditures, was conducted. Aim: to identify the general and specific features of the technical and biomechanical foundations of athletics and swimming to develop effective approaches to improve athletes' technical skills. Methods: theoretical analysis and synthesis of data from specialized scientific and methodological literature, and Internet resources. Results of the research showed that the biomechanical structure of movements in swimming and athletics depends on the specificity of the environment (water or solid surface) and the dominant motor qualities: endurance, coordination, strength, and speed. Swimming is characterized by cyclical movements performed in a horizontal position, ensured by the coordination of the upper and lower limbs' motor actions interacting with water resistance. In athletics, vertical and horizontal efforts prevail, allowing maximum power generation during movement on a solid surface. The main biomechanical indicators in swimming are the efficiency of stroke movements, body balance, and effort economy, determined by muscle coordination. Conclusions: the comparative analysis of the technical and biomechanical foundations of athletics and swimming revealed significant differences in the physical and technical preparedness requirements of athletes, necessitating rational approaches to the training process. In swimming, overcoming water resistance is key, requiring muscle coordination and synchronization, whereas in athletics, the development of explosive strength, speed, and rhythm stability of motor actions is crucial