Optimization of Physical Fitness in Young Swimmers: A Functional Approach at the Early Stage of Sports Specialization

Abstract

The article presents the results of a pedagogical study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of an experimental program of general physical training for 10–11-year-old swimmers during the preparatory period of the initial stage of long-term sports training. The relevance of the study is driven by the need to improve methodological approaches to the development of functional reserves in children of primary school age and to enhance endurance as a basic quality within the framework of multiyear preparation. The study involved 86 swimmers who were divided into control and experimental groups. The program tested in the experimental groups included interval exercises of varying intensity, functional training tools, and the development of speed-strength, coordination, and aerobic capacities. Pedagogical testing, observation, and statistical data analysis were applied. Physical fitness indicators were evaluated using the results of a 30 m sprint, 4×9 m shuttle run, standing long jump, sit-and-reach test, pull-ups, push-ups, and trunk lifts in 30 seconds. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in most control exercises in the experimental group (p < 0.05; p < 0.01), indicating the effectiveness of the implemented program. The control groups showed less pronounced and statistically insignificant dynamics. The findings confirm the feasibility of applying interval training as a means of enhancing the functional fitness of young swimmers at the early stage of sports specialization.